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Rural Development in Chhattisgarh

Rural Development means social change along with economic development in rural areas. The objective of rural development is to improve the living conditions of people. Special emphasis is given on development of agriculture, industry, communication, education, health, transport and livelihoods. This understanding has also developed that fast development is possible only with participation of people at the ground level in Government efforts.

In Chhattisgarh the work of rural development is done by the Panchayat and rural development department.

Millennium Development Goals

8 Global goals were decided for the year 2015 in the Millennium Summit of United Nations in the year 2000. These are called Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). 189 member countries of the United Nations and 22 International Organizations pledged for the following goals -

1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality and empower women
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To improve maternal health
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. To ensure environmental sustainability
8. To develop a global partnership for development

India has achieved the goals about HIV/AIDS, poverty, education and Child mortality. India has to still work for the remaining goals.

Sustainable Development Goals

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), are the set of goals for future. They have been decided by the United Nations after the period of MDGs ended in 2015. These goals are for the period 2015 to 2030. There are 17 goals and 169 specific targets.

193 countries agreed on 17 goals in August 2015 -

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation
10. Reduce income inequality within and among countries.
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy.
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.
15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

Social Inclusion

Equity, freedom, social justice and dignity of person are given special emphasis in Indian constitution. Our Constitution prohibits discrimination based on caste, creed, religion, income and sex. Provision for an inclusive society are contained in Article 14 – equality before law, Article 15 – prohibition of discrimination, Article 16 – equality of opportunity, Article 17 – ban on untouchability, Article 21 – protection to life and liberty, and Articles 23 and 24 – Economic security.

In this context it is necessary that we look at a person as an independent personality instead of looking at him from in a social, caste, economic, physical and mental context. This will create the environment for inclusion of every person in the society. Concrete action for inclusion is necessary for participative democracy. The development of an inclusive society depends on taking advantage of the abilities of all persons in the society. Society cannot develop without the including everyone in the development process. Education is the most important tool of inclusion. Everyone gets equal opportunity in an inclusive society.

Financial Inclusion

Financial inclusion means making financial services available at affordable prices to backward and low income groups in the society. Some important financial services are loan, payments, sending money and insurance. People who do not get banking services are compelled to take them from non-formal banking institutions where the interest rates are high and the money available is less. Savings increase as a result of financial inclusion and new business opportunities become available. The biggest scheme of the Government for financial inclusion is Jan Dhan Scheme -

Jan Dhan Scheme – This is a scheme for access of banking services and ensuring that every family has at least one bank account. Prime Minister had announced the scheme on 15th August 2014.

1. The scheme was formally launched on 28th August 2014.
2. Till August 2017 approximately 29.48 crore bank accounts were opened in the scheme.
3. Approximately 17.61 crore bank accounts were opened in rural and semi-urban areas and 11.87 crore bank accounts were opened in cities.
4. Additional benefits of a bank account in Jan Dhan scheme are–
   1. A RUPAY debit card is issued which has an insurance cover of 1 lakh rupees.
   2. If the account is operated successfully for 6 moths the customer gets an overdraft facility for Rs 5,000.
   3. If the account remains open for a specified period the customer gets a life insurance of Rs 30,000.

Convergence

The objectives of many schemes of Government of India and State Governments are similar. If at the local level these schemes are implemented in a planned manner the synergies of the schemes can be utilized for greater benefit to the people. This is called convergence. For example skills may be developed under skill development schemes and then loan can be given under self-employment schemes for a business using these skills. Similarly in clusters where loans are given, infrastructure development for water, electricity and roads can be done under infrastructure development schemes. This is convergence.

Rural Development Schemes of Government of India

1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MANREGA) (details are given below)
2. Deen Dayal Antyodaya Scheme for self-employment and skill development - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) (details are given below)
3. Deendayal Rural Skills Development Scheme -
   1. It is in force in all the districts of Chhattisgarh.
   2. BPL youth of 15 to 35 years of age are eligible under the scheme. The age limit for women, PTG, divyangs, rehabilitated bonded labor and third gender is 45 years.
   3. The target is training of 17,976 beneficiaries.
   4. So far 19,222 youth have been trained and 6,321 youth have been employed.
   5. Roshni scheme – It is being run in 8 Naxal affected districts (7 districts of Bastar Division and Balrampur). All provisions are similar to Deendayal Upadhyay Rural Skills Development Scheme.
   6. R-SETI – Residential training center for BLP youth with the help of lead bank - (Rural Self Employment Training Institute)
4. Mission Antyodaya-
   1. Government of India has a target of elimination of poverty in 50,000 panchayats through integrated development.
   2. As per norms in the first phase 2287 panchayats have been selected in Chhattisgarh till 2020.
   3. Base line survey has been completed in the identified panchayats.
5. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission (Details are given below)
6. Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojna (SAGY)-
   1. Started on 11th October 2014 on the birthday of Loknayak Jaiprakash Narain.
   2. Every MP has be identify 1 village panchayat by 2016 and 3 by 2017 and make them a model.
   3. The works to be undertaken include –
      1. Human Development – Education, Health, Nutrition and self-employment.
      2. Social Development and Social Security – Voluntary Labor, all types of pensions, PDS, insurance schemes, Jan Dhan scheme etc.
      3. Good Governance – More than100 services through common service centers.
      4. Economic Development – Agriculture, self-employment, skill development
      5. Infrastructure development – Electricity, drinking water, road, buildings
7. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna Rural (Details are given below)
8. Pradhan Mantri Gran Sadak Yojna (PMGSY)-
   1. Started from 12.12.2000
   2. Habitation of population 500 in general areas and 250 in IAP areas to be connected by all weather pukka roads.
   3. 7144 roads with total length of 32132 KMs made till 21.12.2017. 281 bridges constructed. Total expenditure Rs 9957 crores. 8828 habitations connected by all weather roads.
9. Fourteenth Finance Commission- Money goes directly into the bank account of Panchayats. Each Panchayat get Rs 10 lakh. The money can be used for drinking water, sanitation, solid waste management and maintenance of assets.
10. Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan - It is a 100% Centre Sector Scheme. 42 crore rupees were received during 2016-17. The money is to be used in capacity development of panchayat representatives, government officers, NGOs etc.
11. Insurance Schemes -
    1. Aam Admi Beema Yojna - This is for rural landless labor – Total premium is Rs 200 (Rs 100 given by central Government and Rs 100 by the State Government); Eligibility is inclusion in the SECC list, age between 18 and 59 years; Benefit – On death Rs 75,000 and on loss of limb Rs 37,500.
    2. Atal Khetihar Majdoor Beema Yojna -This is for small and marginal farmers. Rest is similar to the Aam Admi scheme.
    3. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Beema Yojna- Started on 1.05.2015; Age 18 to 50 years; Premium Rs 230 per annum; Coverage of Rs 2 lakh on death. This is for BPL and low income groups.
    4. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Beema Yojna -18 to 70 years; Premium Rs 12 per annum. Rs 2 lakh coverage in the event of accident.
    5. Atal Pension Scheme- Rs 1000 to 5000 pension on completion of 60 years of age depending on the contribution of the beneficiary. Eligibility 18 to 40 years. For the beneficiaries of unorganized sector. The contribution of beneficiary in the premium is Rs 500 and of the Central Government Rs 500 per month.
12. Swachha Bharat Mission (Details are given below)

Scheme of Government of Chhattisgarh

1. Chhattisgarh State Livelihoods Mission ‘Bihan’ - Rural livelihoods programme named Bihan was started in Chhattisgarh on 1st April 2013 after stopping Swarna Jayanti Rural Self-employment scheme. This programme assisted by the World Bank is being implemented in 85 blocks in which 11.66 lakh poor families are benefitted. 1,13,600 self help groups have been made. Revolving fund for intra group credit and community investment for group activities is made available through credit linkage from banks. So far 1012 rupees have been given.
2. Chief Minister Gram Sadak Vikas Yojna-
   1. This is for connecting habitations of general areas with a population of 250 or more with all weather roads.
   2. Started from 23rd April 2011. So far 1385 roads of 4380 Kilometer length with a cost of Rs 2170 crores have been made.
3. Mukhya Mantri Gram Gaurav Path Scheme -
   1. This is for internal roads of villages (CC road with drain)
   2. Started from April 2012
   3. So far 6211 roads with a total length of 1870 KMs. with a cost of Rs1124 crores have been made.
4. Vidhayak Adarsh Gram Yojna - This is similar to Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojna. 180 Village Panchayats have been identified in 2 years.
5. Thakur Pyarelal State Panchayat and Rural Development Institute - Started in October 2001. It is an institute or capacity building of newly elected representatives of local self Government. Training is given for better management and good governance with sustainable development and environmental protection.
6. Shradhanjali - Started on 1st July 2016. Rs 2000 assistance is given on the death of head of family or earning member of families in the SECC list for last rites of the diseased. The responsibility of giving the money on time is on the Sarpanch and gram sachiv.
7. Food grains for the needy - One quintal food grains are kept in every village panchayat out of which 5 kilograms is given to the needy whenever required.
8. Mukhamantri Samagra Gramin Vikas Yojna- It was started in 2014. This scheme is for creating infrastructure according to local needs. Works to the extent of Rs 20 lakh can be sanctioned for each panchayat in a year. So far 33577 works worth 1630 crores have been completed.
9. Atal Samrasta Yojna- Community halls are constructed at the cost of Rs 20 lakh in villages with a population of 3000 and above for community functions to improve social integration.
10. Mini stadium construction - Mini stadia are constructed with a cost of 50 lakh in villages with population of 3000 and above where 3-5 acres of government land is available for sports facilities for youth.
11. Swami Vivekanand Yuva Protsahan Yojna - This is a scheme to develop social consciousness in youth in the age group of 15 to 35 years.
12. Swami Atmanand Vachnalaya - These are reading rooms at the panchayat level where newspapers and books on current topics are kept.
13. Hamar Chhattisgarh Yojna - This was started on 1st July 2016 and was to end on 20th June 2018. It has now been extended to 30th September 2018. 2 lakh elected representatives of 10976 panchayats and 111 nagar panchayats in 27 districts were to be brought on a tour of Raipur. 1.50 lakh representatives have already visited Raipur under the scheme. In Raipur they are taken to see the Vidhan Sabha, Mantralaya, Indira Gandhi Agriculture University, Science Center, Botanical garden, Purkhoti Muktangan, Museum, Airport, cricket stadium etc.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MANREGA)

Objective – The objective of the Act is to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

Targets –

1. Social security for the most deprived persons of India by providing employment.
2. - Creation of permanent assets, better water security, soil conservation, improved productivity of land and livelihoods security for the poor.
3. Drought proofing and flood control.
4. Ensuring the rights of the deprived classes specially women, SC, and ST through legal process and a rights based approach.
5. Strengthening decentralised participative planning by coordinating poverty alleviation and livelihood initiatives.
6. Strengthening Panchayati Raj and democracy at grassroots.
7. Bringing transparency and accountability in government.

Coverage – Entire country is covered. Only those districts are left out which are fully urban.

Paradigm Shift –

1. MANREGA is the first large scale programme in human history which is different from any other employment programme due to its outreach, structure, objectives, and its bottom up, people centric and rights based design.
2. Legal guarantee for wage employment has been given.
3. It is a demand based programme.
4. If employment is not given on demand, or if wage payment is delayed, there is a legal provision of giving allowance and compensation.
5. Self targeting approach takes care of targeting problems and extremely poor and marginalised people get employment under the scheme.
6. It encourages States to give employment because 100% unskilled labour cost and 75% material cost is borne by the Centre.
7. as opposed to previous allotment based programmes MNAREGA is demand based and transfer or resources from the centre to States happens on the basis of demand. This helps in improving employment creation by the States.
8. If employment is not given on time there is disincentive for States because the States have to bear the cost of unemployment allowance.
9. At least 50% works are to be done by the village panchayat. This is an unprecedented devolution of financial resources to the panchayats.
10. The decisions about the works to be done, the priority to be given to them, the place of works etc. are taken in open meetings of gram sabha.
11. Highest authority cannot reject these decisions of the Panchayats but can give directions for proper implementation of the provisions of the act.
12. This bottom up approach also means that the success of MANREGA depends to a large extent on the people demanding work, gram sabhas and panchayats.
13. MANREGA frees us from earlier relief programmes by creating livelihoods and natural resources management.
14. Social audit is a very important thing about MANREGA. It creates an unprecedented accountability of all stakeholders.
15. A report on results of MAREGA prepared by the Central Employment Guarantee Council (CEGC) is presented to the Parliament every year by the central government. Similarly reports prepared by the State employment Guarantee Councils are presented the Vidhan Sabhas by the State Governments.

Main Stakeholders –

1. People demanding employment
2. Gram Sabha – Gram sabha is the main forum for hearing the people demanding employment and fulfilling their demands. It is also the forum for social audit.
3. Panchayati Raj institutions specially village Panchayat.
4. Programme Officer (PO) at Block level
5. District Programme Coordinator (DPC)
6. State Government – According to the Section 12 of MANREGA each State Government has to establish a State Employment Guarantee Council (SEGC).
7. Rural Development Ministry – A Central Employment Guarantee Council with the Central Rural Development Minister as its president is established at the central level.
8. Civil Society – Civil society organizations (CSO) play an important role in creation of awareness, planning, implementation, social audit etc. at the field level specially panchayat level. The role and framework for CSOs is discussed in detail chapter 9 of the Act.
9. Other Stakeholder such as line departments, convergence departments, self help groups etc.

Unemployment Allowance – If the applicant is not given employment within 15 days of demand he becomes eligible for unemployment allowance. Unemployment allowance is to be paid according to section 7 of this Act. For the first 30 days unemployment allowance should be not less than one fourth of the wage and for the remaining part of the financial year it should not be less than half of the wage rate.

Works to be undertaken in the Scheme –

1. Management of Natural Resources
2. - Beneficiary oriented works such as land productivity improvement, agriculture, horticulture, sericulture, plantation etc. for deprived classes (SC, ST, BPL families, Disabled).
3. Creation of infrastructure for NRLM and self help groups.
4. Creation and maintenance of rural infrastructure.

Achievements –

1. The allotment of Rs 48,000 crore for financial year 2017-18 is the highest allotment for MANREGA so far.
2. In the year 2017-18 so far 4.35 crore families have been given employment for 156 lakh man days. 54% employment was for women which is much higher as compared to the legal requirement of 33%.
3. In the year 2017-18 so far 60% expenditure has been on conservation of Natural Resources (NRM), 71% expenditure was on agriculture related activities which was only 48% in 2013-14.
4. Expenditure on agriculture related activities in the year 2017-18 has been 71%.
5. Special attention has been given on water conservation in 2264 blocks affected by scarcity of water.
6. 96% wages have been deposited in bank accounts and post offices directly through NIFMSS electronically.
7. In the last 11 years 30 people have got employment and 2000 crore man days have been created.
8. The workers of SC are 20% and of ST 17%.
9. Women workers were 57%.
10. 71% money was spent on wages.

Criticism of MANREGA –

1. This scheme is not as effective as other schemes of poverty alleviation.
2. The final products of public works such as water conservation, land development, aforestation, irrigation systems, roads, flood control etc.), are not safe and the rich class of the society may control it.
3. Due to corruption in local government certain classes of people may be kept out of the scheme. It has also been seen that fake job cards in much higher numbers than actual workers are made to claim funds which is than misappropriated by the local authorities. Bribes are demanded for making job cards.
4. Only digging and filling of land is done in the scheme which has no long term advantage.

Deen Dayal Upadhyay Antyodaya Yojna State Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)

The objective of this scheme is to bring rural poor in the mainstream and alleviate poverty. The scheme was launched by Central Government in June 2011as National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM). Its objective is to provide a institutional mechanism to the rural poor and improve their livelihood opportunities continuously, improve access to financial services and increase family income. The programme has received World Bank assistance.

NRLM has shall bring into its fold 7 crore BPL families in 600 districts, 6000 blocks, 2.5 lakh panchayats and six lakh villages with the help of federal institutions and self help groups and assist them in getting necessary resources for livelihoods over a period of 8 to 10 years.

NRLM intends to work in blocks for 10 years till the community groups are in a position to take over the responsibility.

NRLP will support the following:

1. Institution and capacity building,
2. Support State level Ajeevika for better utilization of financial services, and community services and improvement in institutional platforms for the poor,
3. Innovations for helping the rural poor and up-scaling them,
4. Development of Project management, monitoring and learning systems,
5. Assistance to self help groups for starting new enterprise at 7% interest rate.

Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Yojna – This is a scheme under NRLM. In this scheme women are given assistance for agriculture based livelihoods.

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission

1. Central Government approved the scheme on 16.09.2015 and the scheme was started on 21.02.2016.
2. The objectives of the Mission are to provide opportunities for economic activities at the local level by developing skills and entrepreneurship and increasing infrastructure in the Rurban cluster.
3. Facilities are created in 14 components in the clusters –
   1. Skill training
   2. Agriculture services and warehousing
   3. Mobile health unit
   4. Development of higher education facilities
   5. Sanitation
   6. Piped drinking water supply
   7. Solid and liquid waste management
   8. Rural lanes and drains
   9. Street light
   10. Connecting roads between villages
   11. Public transport
   12. LPG Gas connection
   13. Digital literacy
   14. Citizen service centres
4. 3 years action plan is made for this.
5. In Chhattisgarh state 18 clusters with a population of 3.56 lakh have been identified. These are – (1) Kunda (Kabirdham), (2) Loharsi (Dhamtari), (3) Madpal (Bastar), (4) Murmunda (Bastar), (5) Bade Kapsi (Kanker), (6) Hardi Bazar (Korba), (7) Raghunathpur (Surguja), (8) Jetha (Janjgir-Champa), (9) Bhanwarpur (Mahasamund), (10) Sonhat (Koria), (11) Jairamnagar (Bilaspur), (12) Miriguda (Raigarh), (13) Bade Kanera (Kondagaon), (14) Palidih (Jashpur), (15) Mandir Hasaud (Raipur), (16) Basantpur (Balrampur), (17) Rampur (Dhamtari), (18) Birkona (Kawardha).
6. So far sanction of 10 clusters has been received from Government of India - (1) Kunda (Kabirdham), (2) Loharsi (Dhamtari), (3) Madpal (Bastar), (4) Murmunda (Bastar), (5) Bade Kapsi (Kanker), (6) Hardi Bazar (Korba), (7) Raghunathpur (Surguja), (8) Jetha (Janjgir-Champa), (9) Bhanwarpur (Mahasamund), (10) Sonhat (Koria)
7. Total action plan is for Rs 912 cores.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna Rural

1. The objective of the scheme is to make available a hose to all the homeless as per SECC survey by 2022.
2. The scheme was started on1.04.2016.
3. The share of the central government is 60% and of the state is 40%.
4. A house of 25 sq. meters is given.
5. House is in the name of the woman or jointly in the name of husband and wife.
6. Construction of toilet with the house is compulsory for which there is a separate provision of 12000 rupees.
7. 90 man days are made available through convergence with MANREGA.
8. The unit cost is Rs 1,20,000 in general areas and Rs 1,30,000 in IAP areas.
9. The target in the Chhattisgarh State is to complete 7.88 lakh houses by 2019. So far 3.77 lakh houses have been completed. Chhattisgarh is at the first position in the country in the implementation of the scheme. Dhamtari, Rajnandgaon, Balod, Raipur and Baloda Bazar districts are the best performing districts.

Swachh Bharat Mission

1. Prime Minister made an appeal on 15th August 2014.
2. The scheme was launched on 2nd October 2014.
3. The target is to make the country open defecation free (ODF) by 2nd October 2019. For this 11.11 crore toilets have to be constructed.
4. Previously from 1986 Rural Sanitation Campaign was being run. In the year 1999 total sanitation campaign was started. Nirmal Bharat Campaign was started on 1.04.2012.
5. The Central share in the scheme is 60% and state share is 40%.
6. Components of the scheme –
   1. Personal toilets – Eligibility – Families Below Poverty Line, SC/ST, small and marginal farmers, landless, disabled, women headed households – Rs 12000 per beneficiary is given (Rs 10000 for toilet and Rs 2000 for making water storage and hand washing platform)
   2. Community sanitation centres – These are made if the village Panchayat accepts the responsibility of maintaining them. A grant of Rs 2 lakh per Panchayat is given.
   3. Solid and liquid waste management – Rs 7 to 20 lakh is given based on population.
   4. 2 mobile toilets are given to blocks which have been declared ODF for use in public functions.
7. Progress in Chhattisgarh as on 31.05.2018 – A total of 18,761 villages out of 19,692 have been declared ODF. Only 931 villages are left.